BusyBox – Small is amazing !

Linux is versatile. Everything is configurable as well as optimizable. This makes ease-ability of compiling linux in user’s own flavor, which can reduce its size, dramatically. But, the size cannot be as small as 1~ MB. Yes, thats right, I am talking about BusyBox, which originally was designed to fit in a 1.4MB floppy. It was desgined as a rescue disk for Debian, but now a days its being shipped as an OS for routers nearly of all newer brands – like IBM, HP, Asus and mainly the DLink and even its in a few tablet cells or PCs like Nokia 770. Being an opensource project, in the past few years, its use in network industry is increased! So small in size, it doesn’t offer excessive linux functionality but, still, it has more than 200 applications.
Amazing foo !!
Here’s my DLink’s 2540Ts snap.

Mbox to Maildir – Email storage file format systems

As there is no universal regulation or rule other than IMF (Internet Message Format) on how the emails are stored on the server – Mbox email storage file format system has been widely in use by the email clients developers for a long time. Mbox uses a single file where all of the information is stored in a single file having header information as well. As all of the information is stored in a single file, so there is a locking needed to prevent file corruptions and this proved to be a major deficiency of mbox. Other than this, some security flaws also have been discovered in mbox.

The author of the Qmail described Maildir, which uses /tmp location to store files temporarily for the emails thus having advantage & overriding the file lockings used in mbox.

cPanel officially announced support for Maildir in 2005[*]. And they provide a utility to convert mbox to maildir. Just run /scripts/convert2maildir and the menu like this would popup.

/scripts/convert2maildir
Mail Directory (maildir) Conversion System
maildir is not active, this system is using mbox

1) Backup all mail folders on this server
2) Restore a mail backup
3) Start maildir conversion process
4) Request Technical Support
*) Exit
Enter Selection—]

Backing up would be a good idea before running the conversion. For this, backup destination must have been described in WHM.

WHM Built-in Scripts

cPanel comes with the variety of built-in scripts which are always useful when different errors poke up & need to be resolved on urgent basis. Following is the list of scripts with a short description of their usage, but, before running these, precautionary measures should always be pertained, of what you are doing and what you intend to do!!

Source: cPanel Scripts

installgd – Builds GD.
installipc – (INTERNAL)
installpkg – Installs a FreeBSD package.
installpostgres – Installs PostrgeSQL.
installrmmods – (OLD)
installrpm – Installs a rpm.
installrpm2 – (INTERNAL)
installspam – Install SpamAssassin.
installssl – Add a SSL vhost.
installtree -
installzendopt – Install zend optimzer.
installzendopt-freebsd – Install zend optimizer on a freebsd machine.
ipcheck – (INTERNAL)
ipusage – (INTERNAL)
isdedicatedip – Checks an ip to see if it is dedicated.
kernelcheck – (INTERNAL)
killacct – Delete an account.
killbadrpms – Security script that kills insecure RPMs from the server.
killdns – Delete a DNS zone.
killdns-dnsadmin -
killdrrootvhost – Removes the document root for a virtual host.
killndbm – Remove the broken NDBM_File module from 7.2.
killpvhost – Removes a virtual host from proftpd.conf.
killspamkeys – Removes a spam key.
killsslvhost – Removes a SSL entry for a virtual host.
killvhost – Delete a vhost.
listcheck – Checks mailing lists for issues.
listproblems – Lists common problems.
listsubdomains – List subdomains.
mailadmin – (DEAD, OLD)
maildirmenu – (INTERNAL)
mailman212 – (INTERNAL)
mailperm – Fix almost any mail permission problem.
mailscannerupdate – Updates MailScanner
mailtroubleshoot – Guided mail fix.
makecpphp – Installs php.
makesecondary – Part of DNS transfer.
manualupcp – Updates cPanel manually.
md5crypt – Encrypts a password into MD5.
mkquotas – OLD
mkwwwacctconf – (INTERNAL)
mrusersscpcmd -
mseclocal – Sets up Mandrake’s msec to allow exim to run as mailnull.
mysqladduserdb – Create a MySQL databse and user.
mysqlconnectioncheck – Attempts to connect to MySQL, restarts SQL if necessary.
mysqldeluserdb – Delete a MySQL databse and user.
mysqlinfo – (OLD)
mysqlpasswd – Change MySQL password.
mysqlrpmpingtest – Checks your connection speed for downloading
mySQL rpms.
mysqlup – Updates mySQL.
mysqlup~ – (INTERNAL)
ndbmcheck – Checks to see if the nbdm module is loaded (kills in RedHat 7.2)
netftpsslpatch – PAtches FTPSSL.pm.
newdomains – (OLD)
newdomains-sendmail – (OLD)
newexim – Installs the latest version of exim.
newftpuser – (NOT USED)
newpop – (NOT USED)
nofsck – Make fsck always use -y
nomodattach – Removes mod_attach from httpd.conf.
nomodauthmysql -Removes mod_auth_mysql from httpd.conf.
nomodbwprotect – Removes mod_bwportect from httpd.conf.
nomodgzipconfmods – Removes mod_gzip from httpd.conf.
nomodperl – Removes mod_perl from httpd.conf.
oldaddoncgi2xaddon – Updates old addons to X addons.
oldaddonconverter-(INTERNAL)
oopcheck – (INTERNAL)
park – Parks a domain.
patcheximconf – Fixes exim.conf.
patchposixtypes -
patchtypes -
patchtypesizes -
pedquota – (INTERNAL) – Part of editquota (for editting quota).
perlinstaller – Installs perl.
phpini – Create a php.ini file.
phpopenbasectl -
pingtest – Checks your download time from cPanel mirrors.
pkgacct – (INTERNAL)
pkgacct~ -(INTERNAL)
pkgacct2 – (INTERNAL)
pkgaccount-ala – backs up an Alab*nza account for transfer.
pkgacct-ciXost – backs up a ci*ost account for transfer.
pkgacct-dXm – backs up a d*m account for transfer.
pkgacct-enXim – backs up an en*im account for transfer.
pkgacct-ng -
pkgacctn-ng.orig -
pkgacct-pXa – backs up a p*a account for transfer.
popftpuse – (OLD)
portsup – (FREEBSD BETA)
postsuexecinstall – (INTERNAL)
proftpd128 – Installs proftpd-1.2.8.
pscan – (OLD)
ptycheck – Fixes permissoins on /dev/ptmx.
pwck -Verifies the integrity of system authentication information.
quickfixmysqlbsd – (NOT USED)
quickkernel – Updates your kernel.
quicksecure – Quickly kill useless services.
quotacheck – (INTERNAL)
rasetup – (OLD)
rawchpass – (INTERNAL)
realadduser – (INTERNAL)
realchpass – (INTERNAL)
realperlinstaller – (INTERNAL)
realrawchpass – (INTERNAL)
rebuildcpanelsslcrt – Rebuilds the cPanel SSL Certificate.
rebuildcpusers – Rebuilds /var/cpanel/users.
rebuildetcpasswd – Rebuilds /etc/passwd.
rebuildeximbsd – Rebuilds exim on FreeBSD.
rebuildhttpdconffromproftpd – Rebuild httpd.conf from the proftpd.conf file.
rebuildinterchangecfg – Used after moving a domain with Interchange to the server.
rebuildippool – (INTERNAL)
rebuildnamedconf – Restore named.conf from files in /var/named.
rebuildproftpd – Restore proftpd.conf from httpd.conf.
reinstallmailman – Reinstalls mailman.
relocatevartousr – Relocates files from /var to /usr in case of disk space issues.
remdefssl – Remove default SSL vhost.
reseteximtodefaults – Resets exim’s default settings.
resethorde -
resetimappasswds – Resets all imap passwords.
resetmailmanurls -
resetquotas – Change quotas to what they should be .
restartsrv – Restart a service.
restartsrv_apache – Restart apache.
restartsrv_bind – Restart bind.
restartsrv_clamd – Restart clamd.
restartsrv_courier – Restart courier imap.
restartsrv_cppop – Restart cppop.
restartsrv_entropychat – Restart entropy chat.
restartsrv_exim – Restart exim.
restartsrv_eximstats – Restart exim statistics.
restartsrv_ftpserver – Restart your ftp server.
restartsrv_ftpserver~ – (INTERNAL)
restartsrv_httpd – Restart httpd.
restartsrv_imap – Restart impad.
restartsrv_inetd – Restart inetd.
restartsrv_interchange – Restart Interchange Shopping Cart.
restartsrv_melange – Restart melange chat.
restartsrv_mysql – Restart mysqld.
restartsrv_named – Restart named.
restartsrv_postgres – Restart postgresql.
restartsrv_postgresql – Restart postgresql.
restartsrv_proftpd – Restart proftpd.
restartsrv_pureftpd – Restart pure-ftpd.
restartsrv_spamd – Restart spamd.
restartsrv_sshd – Restart sshd.
restartsrv_syslogd – Restart syslogd.
restartsrv_tomcat – Restart tomcat.
restartsrv_xinetd – Restart xinetd.
restoremail – Restores a user’s mail.
restorepkg -
reswhostmgr – Restart whostmgr.
rhlupdate – (OLD)
rpmpreinstall – (INTERNAL)
rpmup – Upgrade redhat/mandrake errata/security.
rpmup2 – (INTERNAL)
rpmup3 – (INTERNAL)
rrdtoolinstall – Installs RRD Tool.
rscpmd -
runlogsnow – (OLD)
runstatsonce – Runs statistics (should be used from the crontab).
runweblogs – Run analog/webalizer/etc. for a user.
ruserssscpcmd – (INTERNAL)
safeperlinstaller – Installs perl safely.
safeup2date – Runs up2date safely.
safeyum – Runs yum safely.
scpcmd – (INTERNAL)
searchbadgroups -
searchreplace – (NOT USED)
secureit – Remove unnecessary suid binaries.
securemysql – Attempts to secure the MySQL configuration.
securetmp – Adds securetmp to system startup.
selinux_custom_contexts -
selinuxsetup -
sendaim – (INTERNAL)
sendicq – (INTERNAL)
setupfp – Install FrontPage 3 on an account.
setupfp4 – Install FrontPage 4 (2000) installer on an account.
setupfp5 – Install FrontPage 5 (2002) installer on an account.
setupfp5.nosueuxec – Install FrontPage 5 (2002) installer on an account when not using suexec.
setupmakeconf -
showexelist – Shows exe processes.
simpleps – Display the process list.
simplesshcmd – (INTERNAL)
smartcheck – Checks hard drive integrity.
smtpmailgdionly – Enables SMTP Mail Protection.
snarf – (INTERNAL)
spamasssassin-cpanel – (NOT USED)
spamboxdisable – Disables SpamAssassin’s spambox delivery for all accounts.
sscpcmd – (INTERNAL)
ssh2.expect – (INTERNAL)
sshcmd -
sshcontrol – (INTERNAL)
ssh.expect – (INTERNAL)
stage2fpmail – (INTERNAL)
supportvoidcheck -
suspendacct – Suspends an account.
symlinktodir – (INTERNAL)
sysup – update cPanel RPMs.
telentcrt – (OLD)
testinf – (OLD)
trustme – (INTERNAL)
typocheck -
uf – (OLD)
unlimitnamed – Installs the latest version of bind patched to support greater than 512 ips on the server.
unblockip – Unblocks an IP blocked by portsentry.
unpkgacct – (INTERNAL)
unsetupfp4 – Removes FrontPage 4 or 5 from an account.
unslavenamedconf – If the user accidentally sets a DNS master as local server, this will repair named.conf after the loop.
unsuspendacct – Unsuspends an account.
upcp – Updates cPanel.
updated – Updates /scripts.
updatedomainips – (INTERNAL)
updatefrontpage – Updates FrontPage
updatemysqlquota -
updatenow – Updates /scripts NOW.
updatephpconf – Updates PHP configuration files.
updateuserdomains – (INTERNAL)
updateuserdomains2 – (INTERNAL)
userdirctl -
userps – (OLD)
usersscpcmd – (INTERNAL)
usersscpcmd1 – (INTERNAL)
usersshcmd – (INTERNAL)
verify – (OLD)
verifyzone – (INTERNAL)
whichrpm – (INTERNAL)
whoowns – Finds out who owns a domain.
whostmgrkey – (OLD)
wwwacct – Creates an account.
wwwacct2 – (INTERNAL)
x* – (OLD)
xaddonreport – Reports the current addon scripts installed.
zoneexists – (INTERNAL)

Apache’s error’s error – Murphy or a bug.

Being the world’s most popular webserver software, Apache is being used since the beginning of the internet on the Unix and Linux based systems. Now a days, all of the Linux based Control Panels come with Apache as a webserver.

One of the Apache’s fleck like other common Linux applications (or it might be a disadvantage) is that, it won’t restart if there is any configuration error in httpd.conf. Since, acting as a webserver, this apache’s config file gets modified more frequently than any other application’s configuration file, so more likely apache encounters these sort of errors very often. But today, I saw a misleading apache’s error. Today, when restarting Apache, it gave me an error telling that, there is a some sort of syntax error at line number 37500, but upon checking, I came to know that there is no such line number in httpd.conf as there were merely 1000 lines in this configuration file. After some moments of acquisition, it was noticed that apache was referring to the last line of this file.

But the question is, why is this so! Is it a good way to trick the dummies or is it really a bug in Apache/1.3.39?